疾病介紹
N/V是常見的急診主訴
原因非常廣泛,從最常見的GI disorder,到CNS disorder, psychiatric condition, endocrine, metabolic, iatrogenic causes (medications…)都有可能,劇烈疼痛也會引發N/V
美國造成N/V第一名的原因是viral AGE,其他主因包括藥物副作用,年輕女性要注意可能是懷孕
病生理機轉
N/V由medulla oblongata中的vomiting center主導,接收從其他system傳來的訊息,並initiates嘔吐的指令
chemoreceptor trigger zone,位於4th ventricle前,在BBB以外的地方,因此能被血液中致吐的藥物或毒素直接刺激,並把訊號傳至vomiting center
周邊receptors主要在GI system,透過vagal activation把訊息傳到vomiting center導致嘔吐
止吐藥物主要作用在serotonin receptors
臨床表現與診斷
由於造成N/V的原因實在太多,因此詳盡的history和PE能有效協助診斷
History
急性或慢性
Chronic (> 1 month)
頻率
時間
早上 (pregnancy? CNS cause?)
進食後 (GI cause?)
嘔吐物內容
Undigested food particles (esophageal disorders?)
Food particles (gastric outlet obstruction?)
Bile (small bowel obstruction?)
Feculent material with foul odor (large bowel obstruction?)
其他症狀
Abdominal pain
Fever
Contact history (foodborne illness)
Weight loss (malignancy, psychiatric disorder)
CNS sign (headache, visual change, vertigo, NE deficits)
Past history (abdominal surgery)
Medication history (chemotherapy…)
PE
Vital sign:
Hypotension
Tachycardia
Dehydration
Skin turgor
Mucous membrane hydration
Capillary refilling time
GI cause
視聽扣觸abdomen
檢驗與檢查
Liver function tests
Lipase
ICON
KUB
CT scan
Ultrasound
治療
穩定ABC
Fluid hydration with N/S or L-R
症狀治療
H1 histaminergic agents
Serotonin receptor antagonists
Ondansetron: 1st line therapy (QT prolong高危者慎用)
疾病個論 – Gastroparesis 胃輕癱
病生理機轉
胃排空時間延長,但無實質機械性腸胃道阻塞
大部分造成原因不明,其他原因包括DM、bariatric surgery (減肥手術)、gastric surgery、viral illness、GERD、non-ulcer dyspepsia (非潰瘍性消化不良)
臨床表現與診斷
症狀:
Early satiety (飽腹感)、bloating (腹脹)、postprandial nausea、GERD、vomiting、abdominal pain
PE:
Succussion splash: 左右搖晃上腹,並用聽診器聆聽上腹有否水流聲音
不能有abdominal tenderness / peritoneal sign
檢驗與檢查
Electrolytes, liver function test, lipase, ICON
Abdominal / pelvis CT
Ultrasound
OPD: endoscopy、gastric empty scintigraphy (胃排空閃爍顯像)、electrogastrography (胃電圖)
治療
Volume resuscitation with electrolytes repletion
Prokinetic agents
Metoclopramide: 1st line therapy
Erythromycin: 2nd line therapy,會導致tachyphylaxis (快速耐藥性)
Domperidone, VENA, NOVAMIN, ondansetron, haloperidol
疾病個論 – Cyclic vomiting syndrome
病生理機轉
確實原因不明,可能跟mitochondrial DNA mutation (15519T and 3010A)有關
通常從小時候就會發病,約一半患者在長大後會自動痊癒
成人發病可能跟opiate和抽煙有關,女性患者較多
機轉與neuroendocrine system的dysregulation有關,可能會有abdominal vagal tone,也有人推測是與migraine有關
臨床表現與診斷
Recurrent N/V separated by symptom-free periods
Four phases
(1) Asymptomatic periods for months
(2) Prodrome periods lasting minutes to hours: lethargy, photophobia, anorexia, sweating, salivation
(3) Hyperemesis phase: usually starts from morning with severe N/V, lasting for days to a week (mean duration 3.4 days)
(4) Recovery phase: improving symptoms
使用臨床症狀診斷
Venkatesan, T, Levinthal, DJ, Tarbell, SE, et al. Guidelines on management of cyclic vomiting syndrome in adults by the American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society and the Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome Association. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019; 31(Suppl. 2):e13604. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13604
治療
症狀治療:
止吐: ondansetron
Sedatives: lorazepam
預防藥物::
避免睡眠不足、情緒起伏
Amitriptyline (TCA)
Migraine prophylaxis drugs: sumatriptan, propranolol, topiramate
Mitochondrial-targeted therapies:
L-carnitine, coenzyme Q10, riboflavin
歷屆急診專科考題
110年
嘔吐物有bile,但沒有大便,會在胃以下,大腸以上,最常見於小腸阻塞
107年
見table 72-3
Serotonin antagonists副作用為constipation, dizziness,要小心QT prolong
Edited by Wing-Yan, Ng
Reference: Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine Chapter 72, Nausea and Vomiting
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