噁心及嘔吐 Nausea and Vomiting




  1. 疾病介紹

  • N/V是常見的急診主訴

  • 原因非常廣泛,從最常見的GI disorder,到CNS disorder, psychiatric condition, endocrine, metabolic, iatrogenic causes (medications…)都有可能,劇烈疼痛也會引發N/V

  • 美國造成N/V第一名的原因是viral AGE,其他主因包括藥物副作用,年輕女性要注意可能是懷孕


  1. 病生理機轉

  • N/V由medulla oblongata中的vomiting center主導,接收從其他system傳來的訊息,並initiates嘔吐的指令

  • chemoreceptor trigger zone,位於4th ventricle前,在BBB以外的地方,因此能被血液中致吐的藥物或毒素直接刺激,並把訊號傳至vomiting center

  • 周邊receptors主要在GI system,透過vagal activation把訊息傳到vomiting center導致嘔吐

  • 止吐藥物主要作用在serotonin receptors




  1. 臨床表現與診斷

  • 由於造成N/V的原因實在太多,因此詳盡的history和PE能有效協助診斷



History

  • 急性或慢性

    • Chronic (> 1 month)

  • 頻率

  • 時間

    • 早上 (pregnancy? CNS cause?)

    • 進食後 (GI cause?)

  • 嘔吐物內容

    • Undigested food particles (esophageal disorders?)

    • Food particles (gastric outlet obstruction?)

    • Bile (small bowel obstruction?)

    • Feculent material with foul odor (large bowel obstruction?)

  • 其他症狀

    • Abdominal pain

    • Fever

    • Contact history (foodborne illness)

    • Weight loss (malignancy, psychiatric disorder)

    • CNS sign (headache, visual change, vertigo, NE deficits)

  • Past history (abdominal surgery)

  • Medication history (chemotherapy…)




PE

  • Vital sign: 

    • Hypotension

    • Tachycardia

  • Dehydration

    • Skin turgor

    • Mucous membrane hydration

    • Capillary refilling time

  • GI cause

    • 視聽扣觸abdomen


檢驗與檢查

  • Liver function tests

  • Lipase

  • ICON

  • KUB

  • CT scan

  • Ultrasound


  1. 治療

  • 穩定ABC

    • Fluid hydration with N/S or L-R

  • 症狀治療

    • H1 histaminergic agents

    • Serotonin receptor antagonists

      • Ondansetron: 1st line therapy (QT prolong高危者慎用)




  1. 疾病個論 – Gastroparesis 胃輕癱


病生理機轉

  • 胃排空時間延長,但無實質機械性腸胃道阻塞

  • 大部分造成原因不明,其他原因包括DM、bariatric surgery (減肥手術)、gastric surgery、viral illness、GERD、non-ulcer dyspepsia (非潰瘍性消化不良)


臨床表現與診斷

  • 症狀:

    • Early satiety (飽腹感)、bloating (腹脹)、postprandial nausea、GERD、vomiting、abdominal pain

  • PE:

    • Succussion splash: 左右搖晃上腹,並用聽診器聆聽上腹有否水流聲音

    • 不能有abdominal tenderness / peritoneal sign

  • 檢驗與檢查

    • Electrolytes, liver function test, lipase, ICON

    • Abdominal / pelvis CT

    • Ultrasound

    • OPD: endoscopy、gastric empty scintigraphy (胃排空閃爍顯像)、electrogastrography (胃電圖)


治療

  • Volume resuscitation with electrolytes repletion

  • Prokinetic agents

    • Metoclopramide: 1st line therapy

    • Erythromycin: 2nd line therapy,會導致tachyphylaxis (快速耐藥性)

  • Domperidone, VENA, NOVAMIN, ondansetron, haloperidol


  1. 疾病個論 – Cyclic vomiting syndrome


病生理機轉

  • 確實原因不明,可能跟mitochondrial DNA mutation (15519T and 3010A)有關

  • 通常從小時候就會發病,約一半患者在長大後會自動痊癒

  • 成人發病可能跟opiate和抽煙有關,女性患者較多

  • 機轉與neuroendocrine system的dysregulation有關,可能會有abdominal vagal tone,也有人推測是與migraine有關


臨床表現與診斷

  • Recurrent N/V separated by symptom-free periods

  • Four phases

(1) Asymptomatic periods for months

(2) Prodrome periods lasting minutes to hours: lethargy, photophobia, anorexia, sweating, salivation

(3) Hyperemesis phase: usually starts from morning with severe N/V, lasting for days to a week (mean duration 3.4 days)

(4) Recovery phase: improving symptoms 

  • 使用臨床症狀診斷

圖片

Venkatesan, T, Levinthal, DJ, Tarbell, SE, et al. Guidelines on management of cyclic vomiting syndrome in adults by the American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society and the Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome Association. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019; 31(Suppl. 2):e13604. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13604


治療

  • 症狀治療:

    • 止吐: ondansetron

    • Sedatives: lorazepam

  • 預防藥物::

    • 避免睡眠不足、情緒起伏

    • Amitriptyline (TCA)

    • Migraine prophylaxis drugs: sumatriptan, propranolol, topiramate

  • Mitochondrial-targeted therapies:

    • L-carnitine, coenzyme Q10, riboflavin


歷屆急診專科考題

110年

嘔吐物有bile,但沒有大便,會在胃以下,大腸以上,最常見於小腸阻塞


107年

見table 72-3

Serotonin antagonists副作用為constipation, dizziness,要小心QT prolong


Edited by Wing-Yan, Ng

Reference: Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine Chapter 72, Nausea and Vomiting


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